Hallux Rigidus Treatment Options
Hallux rigidus is arthritis of the big toe joint. It is the most common arthritic condition of the foot and second only to hallux valgus (bunion) as a condition associated with the big toe. Females are more commonly affected than males in all age groups, and the condition typically develops in adults between the ages of 30 and 60 years.
Nonsurgical Treatment
Nonsurgical management is always the first line treatment for this condition. A physician may suggest pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medicines, ice or heat packs, or even injections into the joint to reduce pain and stiffness. Changes in footwear may also be suggested, including advice to avoid thin-soled shoes or high heels, wear wider shoes with a curved sole (rocker bottom), or even add shoe inserts that limit the motion at the MTP joint. Although these treatments may help decrease the symptoms, they do not stop the condition from progressing.
Surgical Treatment
Surgical treatments for hallux rigidus are determined by the failure of nonsurgical treatment and the extent of arthritis and deformity of the toe.
Cheilectomy
For the more minor type of hallux rigidus, when the damage is mild to moderate, shaving the bone spur on top of the metatarsal (cheilectomy) is sufficient. Removing the bone spur allows more room for the toe to bend and alleviates pain caused when pushing off the toe. The advantages of this procedure are that it is joint sparing, preserves joint motion and maintains joint stability.
Arthrodesis
Advanced stages of hallux rigidus, when the joint damage is severe, are often treated by fusing the big toe (arthrodesis). In this procedure, the damaged cartilage is removed and the two bones are fixed together with screws and/or plates to allow for them to grow together. The main advantage of this procedure is that it is a permanent correction with elimination of the arthritis and pain. The major disadvantage is the restriction of movement of the big toe.
Interpositional Arthroplasty
For the patient with moderate to severe hallux rigidus who is unwilling to accept the loss of motion at the big toe, an interpositional arthroplasty may be an option. This procedure consists of taking away some of the damaged bone and placing a piece of soft tissue from the foot, such as tendon or capsule, between the joint to allow for some motion. The operation is effective but not as reliable or predictable as a fusion.
Recovery
Recovery depends upon the type of surgery performed. For cheilectomy and interpositional arthroplasty, most surgeons recommend wearing a hard-soled sandal and allowing weightbearing as tolerated for about two weeks before a gradual return to normal footwear. For arthrodesis procedures, the foot may be immobilized with a cast for six to eight weeks, and limited weightbearing may be allowed with crutches for two to three months. The patient should expect some swelling of the foot for several months after the procedure.
Outcome
Outcomes are usually quite good. Most patients are able to exercise, run, and wear most shoes comfortably. Wearing a heel higher than an inch and a half may be more difficult after a fusion of the toe.
Complications
When surgery is warranted, the typical risks of operation apply, including scarring, infection and failure to relieve symptoms. However, there are minimal risks with these procedures.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why can’t you replace the MTP joint?
Although it's possible to replace either half of the joint (hemiarthroplasty) or the entire joint (total joint replacement), there are insufficient long-term studies to support their use. Many of the current toe implants suffer from loosening and early failure requiring another surgery.
What type of activity is allowed after fusion surgery?
Most patients are able to return to their usual level of activity, including jogging, but most will also have some limitations in shoewear.
*Source: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society® http://www.aofas.org